• Quantitative measurement and standardization of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) using nitrous oxide, establishing theory, procedure, and normal values for humans and primates, including posture and anxiety effects and normative vascular resistance metrics [1], [2], [3], [13].

• CBF coupling with cerebral metabolism and oxygen utilization; studies on how CO2 and O2 tensions alter CBF and cerebral oxygen consumption, linking activity to blood flow and constituents [4], [5], [11], [18].

• Clinical and pathophysiological modulation of cerebral circulation under intracranial pressure changes, heart failure, vascular disease, and ischemia/anoxia, revealing stressors that reallocate perfusion [7], [9], [10], [16], [19], [20].

• Anatomical and regulatory framework of the cerebral circulation, including dynamic anatomy, the cerebral circulation, collateral networks, and vasodilator pathways supporting adaptive flow [8], [12], [14], [15].

• Cross-species and translational perspectives: quantitative methods applied to macaques and humans to calibrate CBF measures and explore conserved regulatory mechanisms [3], [13], [17].